Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Example

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Example Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay As a consequence of the 2011 public violences seen in the United Kingdom, Louise Casey ( 2012 ) was commissioned by the alliance authorities to compose a study entitled Listening to Troubled Families . This essay will review the study and see if authorities asceticism steps could impact in societal attention proviso and results for service users. It will discourse the narration of one household identified in the study whom require intercession and support in order to safeguard their kids ( Casey 2012 ) . It will give an lineation of the development and impact of statute law and policy counsel on societal work pattern for kids, households and carers. Furthermore it will see academic research and theories that inform societal work pattern when working with such households ; for case ; ecological theories, appraisal, life span theoretical accounts of development, professional power and fond regard theory. This essay will besides discourse the accomplishments necessary for modern-day so cietal work practicians to prosecute efficaciously with kids and households. It will reason that inter-professional, anti-oppressive, multi-professional and brooding pattern is paramount to successful results for households who require support from services. The term troubled households was foremost used by David Cameron ( Cameron, 2011 ) , and subsequently defined by the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) as families holding serious jobs and helter-skelter personal histories. Cameron ( 2012 ) intends to guarantee those identified in the study as troubled 120,000 households, turn their lives around . These households are characterised as ; holding no grownup in employment, kids who do non go to school and household members partaking in anti-social behavior and condemnable activities. By cut downing costs and bettering results, the consequences based funding strategy purposes to alter service bringing for households ( Cameron, 2011 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) , states that this policy docket is the latest Reconstruction of the underclass argument. Giddens ( 1973, cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2002 ) claims that Britain has an lower class of people who are disadvantaged on the labor market because they lack makings an d accomplishments, and may confront favoritism, bias and marginalization in society. The New Labour Government ( 1997-2010 ) linked disorderly behaviour to job households and focussed on single lacks instead than an recognition of structural restraints, for case ; the effects of poorness on household relationships and parenting ( Hill and Wright, 2003 ; Gillies, 2005, in Parr, 2009 ) . New Labour implemented Family Intervention Projects ( FIP ) that were framed from the Respect Action Plan in 2006. This was criticized by a parental and household support administration Parentline Plus ( 2006 ) , as menaces of penalties to parents would impact negatively on households, and parents could be less willing to seek support before they reached crisis ( BBC News, 2006 ) . Enterprises like Signpost, provided intensive degrees of support and apprehension of multidimensional complexnesss, consisting of effectual intercession for kids and households within their communities ( Dillane et al 2001, cited in Parr, 2009 ) . Featherstone ( 2006 ) maintains this enterprise was within the context of the societal investing province, promoting investing in human capital as opposed to direct economic proviso provided by the province in the signifier of public assistance payments. Postle, ( 2002 cited in Parr, 2009 ) argues that Signpost intercession was societal work at its best leting so cietal workers clip for effectual communicating and partnership working instead than the policing of households. Levitas ( 2012 ) argued against research methodological analysis used in the Casey Report ( 2012 ) and of the thought of multi-disadvantaged households being the beginning of society s ailments. Levitas ( 2012 ) claims ; that the figure of 120,000 was founded on informations from a secondary analysis of a Children and Families Report ( 2004 ) . Literature suggests the figure of 120,000 households is underestimated, the figure of multi-disadvantaged households is significantly greater ( Levitas, 2012 ; Hern, 2012 ) . The initial 2004 survey found no grounds to bespeak that the households were problem shapers as proposed but did happen that they were households in problem. As a consequence of alterations in revenue enhancement, public assistance benefits, disbursement cuts and the go oning effects of the economic downswing ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) advocates that history provides of import lessons for policymakers and turn toing both structural and behavioral causes of poorness is likely to be more effectual than numbering and specifying such households. He believes there is small cognition sing grounds for behaviors and calls for research for battling jobs that these households encounter. Casey ( 2012 ) has given an penetration by utilizing service users narrations and received positive responses from interviewees. However, her research does hold farther restrictions ; a little sample of 16 households, all of whom were at crisis point when they accepted working with the FIP ( Casey 2012 ) . Soloman ( 2012 ) claims that huge figure of vulnerable households are being left without any support. Casey ( 2012 ) made no mention to ethnicity and civilization of the households, hence giving no penetration into diverseness ( Clifford and Burke, 2009 ) . Bailey ( 2012 ) believes that the study breaches ethical criterion s for societal research, the households interviewed are participants in the FIP and hence had a power of countenance over them, therefore it may hold been hard for the households to worsen from the survey. No written information on the hazards of engagement was provided ; he besides suggests that ethical blessing was non applied for. Bailey, ( 2012 ) believes that there is a hazard of placing these households. Casey ( 2012 ) acknowledged that the information was non representative of 120,000 households but claims that it provides a sound footing for policy. Nevertheless, Bailey ( 2012 ) argues that there is no topographic point for unethical research in public policy devising. Comparative surveies were non conducted on households with similar economic and societal fortunes who are non described as troubled . Casey ( 2012 ) discussed intergenerational rhythms of maltreatment, force, intoxicant and drug abuse every bit good as worklessness being grounds for troubled households puting the unity on persons ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Kelly ( 2012 ) welcomes the Government s committedness to assistance households. He proposes that most parents on low incomes are good parents and believes that it is naif to blend unwellness, unequal lodging and poorness with substance abuse and offense. Kelly ( 2012 ) besides argues that many households involved with Family Action are socially stray, unseeable to back up services who struggle on low incomes instead than exposing anti-social behaviors. The instance surveies gave the parents position, nevertheless, the voice and sentiment of the kid was unheard. Ofsted ( 2010 ) found practicians concentrated excessively much on the dema nds of the parents and overlooked the deductions for the kid. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 12 declares, the positions of the kid must be respected, Article 3 provinces that the kid s best involvements must be a primary concern ( Unicef, 1992 ) . This essay will now discourse societal work pattern in relation to one of the households identified in Louise Casey s Report ( 2012 ) Chris and Julie ( appendix 1 ) . In the yesteryear, grownups like Chris and Julie who had larning disablements may hold been prevented from going parents, eugenic theories dominated, with the purpose to guarantee kids with similar disablements were non procreated ( Cleaver and Nicholson 2007 ) . However, in recent old ages attitudes are altering in favor of people with larning disablements giving them the same rights as other citizens sing gender and household life. An increased figure of people with larning troubles now have wider chances for independent life. Harmonizing to Haavik and Menninger ( 1981 cited in Booth and Booth, 1993, p 203 ) deinstitutionalization enabled many people with larning disablements to take part in their community. Duffy ( 2006, cited in Thompson et al 2008 ) , states that self-government is a nucleus rule in achieving citiz enship in western society. The displacement in sentiments and rules is apparent in authorities statute law and counsel therefore impacting on societal work pattern, for case ; Valuing Peoples: a new scheme for larning disablement for the twenty-first century ( 2001 ) , ( DoH 2001 ) and Valuing Peoples Now: The Delivery Plan ( 20102011 ) Making it go on for everyone gives counsel for all professionals back uping people with larning disablements populating in the community ( DoH 2011 ) . In relation to the instance scenario, Article 8 of The Human Rights Act 1998 ( .1 ) provides Chris and Julie with aˆÂ ¦ a right to esteem for private and household life, his place and correspondence ; nevertheless, any intervention with this right must be necessary and lawful with respect to public safety, national security, bar of public upsets and offense, or for the protection of rights and freedoms of others . Both Julie and Chris have a protected feature of disablement and hence under the Equality Act ( 2010 ) should be protected from direct and indirect favoritism from service suppliers. However, kids s rights are overriding and override those of their parents or carers ( DoH, 1998 ) . Access to larning disablement services in England was governed by Fair Access to Care Services ( FACS ) ( DoH, 2003 ) , until it was superseded by Puting Peoples First ( 2007 ) and highlighted the demand for a individualized Adult Social Care System ( DoH, 2007 ) . Emerson et Al ( 2005 ) found one in 15 grownups with larning disablements populating in England were parents and this research emphasised that about half of kids born to parents with learning disablements are at hazard from maltreatment and 20 five per cent no longer lived with their parents ( McGaw,2000 ) . Further research indicates that the bulk of services are as yet unequal in run intoing the demands of households with larning disablements ( McGaw 2000 ) . McInnis et Al ( 2011 ) likewise found complexnesss in finding eligibility for service users. They indicated that determinations sing eligibility are non merely determined by assessment consequences but by local authorities resources. They advocate equality and argue that alterations in appraisal tools are necessary when working with households with larning troubles. Chris and Julie reflect these findings as they merely received intercession when they faced troubles caring for their kids. The parental accomplishments theoretical account would be advantageous for practicians as it is designed to help the appraisal procedure when working with Chris and Julie. The theoretical account focuses on life accomplishments, familial history and entree to back up services. McGaw and Sturmey ( 1994 ) found that if troubles arise for parents in any of the three countries it Service users possibly uncooperative and loath to prosecute with services, possibly due to anxiousnesss and fright of effects. For illustration ; their kids being removed from their attention and their ain childhood experiences. Cultural consciousness and age appropriate intercessions are necessary to enable partnership working ( Egan, 2007 cited in Martin, 2010 ) . Horwath ( 2011 ) found that although some societal workers faced barriers to the Child-focused Assessment Framework, due to heavy work loads, clip limitations, public presentation marks and limited preparation chances. Others found that extra bureauc ratism gave them a security in their pattern. Smale, et Al. ( 1993 ) highlighted the undermentioned theoretical accounts of appraisal ; oppugning, procedural, and exchange theoretical account. The latter may be good when working in partnership with this household as the service users are viewed as experts and AIDSs their possible for working together towards ends. When working with households communicating can be complex ; effectual communicating would include active listening accomplishments, individual centred planning and intercession, besides avoiding the usage of professional jargon ( Anning et al, 2006 ) . The worker should be cognizant of non-verbal communicating and power instabilities in their working relationship ( DoH, DfES, 2007 ) . It may be advisable for this household to entree protagonism services to advance equality, societal inclusion and societal justness ( actionforadvocacy.org.uk, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to Yuill and Gibson ( 2011 ) , advocacy promotes anti-oppressive pattern. Horwath ( 2010 ) suggests positive relationships are built on trust. This echoes the individual centred rules of Rogers ( 1961, cited in Thompson et Al, 2008 ) enabling the practician to detect realistic emotional, bodily and behavioral responses from the kid and household, that are indispensable for effectual information assemblage for appraisals ( DoH 2006 ) . Martin ( 2010 ) argues in order to guarantee an apprehension of the service user narrative within a multi-professional context the practician should reflect and summarize and do accurate recordings. Information should be stored in conformity to the Data Protection Act, 1989 ( legislation.gov.uk ) and besides be shared efficaciously between multi-agencies and safeguarding sections ( Crippling, 2003 ) . Numerous kids have died from maltreatment and disregard in the United Kingdom ( Brandon et al, 2005 ) . In 2000, Victoria Climbie was subjected to inhuman treatment by her aunt and her spouse which resulted in her loss of life. Laming ( 2003 ) describes Victoria s decease as a gross failure of the system and inexcusable and recommended reforms ( 1.18 p.3 ) . In England, the authorities published the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) and extra policy counsel came approximately in Every Child Matters: Change for Children ( 2003 ) that made all professionals accountable for safeguarding, kid development, concentrating on early intercession, joint sense of duty and information sharing with incorporate forepart line services and an accent on kids carry throughing their possible ( dcsf.gov.uk 2012 ) . The undermentioned twelvemonth the Children Act ( 2004 ) Section 11 ( DfES, 2005 ) gave clear counsel on multi-agency working and provinc es that safeguarding kids is everyone s concern. The Children Act 1989 ( DoH,1989 ) and the Children Act 2004 ( DoH,2004a ) presently underpin kid public assistance pattern in England. The former Act considers the construct of a child in demand ( subdivision 17 ) and accentuates the importance household support services who both promote the kid s public assistance and assist precaution and assist parents in their function. In add-on Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2010 ) gives extended counsel on collaborative working and defines functions and duties of professionals ( HM. Government 2010 ) . This counsel is soon being revised and reduced to relieve bureaucratism for professionals, nevertheless Mansuri ( 2012, cited in McGregor 2012 ) argues that the existent safeguarding concerns are unwieldy caseloads, plumping moral and cuts to back up staff and criticises the authorities for neglecting to confer with more practicians sing these alterations. An illustration for effectual working together that may profit the household in the instance scenario is Team around the Family ( TAF ) intercession. This encourages effectual, early designation of extra demand, it assesses strengths and is renewing in attack that provides the household chances for alteration and enhances multi-agency coaction ( cheshirewestandchester,2012 ) . Family mentoring services may besides be utile in this instance ( catch-22.2012 ) . Children s Services in England and Wales adhere to The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) . The Assessment Framework provides an ecological attack of the kid s developmental demands, rearing capacity, household and environmental factors. This ecological attack was championed by Bronfenbrenner, ( 1979, cited Martin, 2010 ) found that by integrating the microsystem, exosystem and macrosystem benefited both practicians and service users by enabling wider societies influences of civilization and economic fortunes to be considered in appraisal ( Wilson et al, 2011 ) . This evidenced- based model purposes to guarantee that the kid s public assistance is both promoted and protected ( Cleaver et al, 2004 ) . This model provides a consistent method of collating and analyzing information, therefore giving practicians a more consistent apprehension of the kid s developmental demands, the capacity of their parents and the influence of the drawn-out household and other environmental factors that impact on the household ( DoH al, 2000 ) . However, Garrett ( 2003 ; Rose, 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) believe that the underpinning grounds for the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( 2000 ) is debatable. Howarth ( 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) suggests that attach toing specific counsel for kids from black and cultural minorities are less widely circulated than the model papers. Katz ( 1997, cited in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) accuses the model as being mechanistic checklists used by inexperient staff as informations aggregation tools and fring focal point on placing and run intoing the demands of kids ( Horwath, 2002 cited in Crisp et al 2007 ) . Similarly, Munro ( 2011 ) challenged all professionals to guarantee that our kid protection system is centred on the kid or immature individual, as she believes the system has lost its focal point on the kid s demands and experiences and has been excessively focused on regulations, time-frames in appraisal and processs. At present an initial appraisal is carried out 10 yearss from referral and a nucleus appraisal must be completed within 35 yearss of an Initial Assessment, and would be undertaken to originate kid protection enquires ( DoH et al, 2000 ) . Practitioners use duplicate trailing and prosecute other possibilities for the household ( scie-socialcareonline.org.uk ) . This may be ethically and emotionally hard for practicians ; they should guarantee supervising and adhere to their professional criterions of proficiency and moralss ( HCPC, 2012 ) . Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional expertness and revise statutory counsel on service intercession and bringing and calls for more focal point on understanding the implicit in issues that influenced professional pattern that resulted in Serious Case Reviews. Munro ( 2011 ) besides calls for reforming societal work preparation and arrangement proviso for pupils. The authorities accepted Munro s recommendations and alterations to the system will be implemented in 2012 ( DfE 2011 ) . Damien ( see appendix 1 ) meets the threshold standard for intercession under section17 ( 10 ) of The Children Act ( 1989 ) as his wellness or development may be significantly impaired without support services. At present he does non look to be at hazard of important injury, nevertheless a nucleus appraisal may be good in finding the appropriate support services ( HM Government, 2010 ) , examples include Youth Offending Teams ( YOT ) who deliver offense bar programmes ( youth-offending-team, 2012 ) , Particular Educational Needs Coordinators ( SENCO ) and larning wise mans provide support in educational scenes ( Good schools guide,2012 ) . It is critical throughout the appraisal procedure that practicians are non-judgmental and utilize brooding pattern and have an consciousness of transference and counter-transference to scatter any negative responses and feelings ( DoH, 2000 ; Wilson et Al, 2008 ) . The practician should pull on theories of human development through the lifetime every bit good as sociological, biological, psychological and psychosocial theories. For illustration ; biological theory would see familial influences, physical development and instinctual behavior whereas the sociological position would underscore the importance of societal factors ( Horwath, 2010 ) . It may be that the household are populating in poorness and had have non been in reception of full benefit entitlements or support services ; it would be advisable to reach relevant public assistance bureaus and seek professional aid for fiscal support to help this household ( family-action, 2012 ) . The Children Act ( 1989 ) states that for the bulk of kids their household is the most appropriate topographic point for them to populate. However, the local authorization has a responsibility of attention and Madison ( see appendix 1 ) demands to be accommodated under subdivision 20 of the Children Act ( 1989 ) , as she is a kid in demand ( subdivision 17 ) or a kid at hazard of important injury ( subdivision 47 ) . Chris and Julie have parental duty for their kids until they are adopted ( D of H, 1989 ; 2000 ; HM Government, 2010 ) . When measuring households the practician should hold an apprehension of theories that inform pattern. In relation to Erikson s ( 1982 ) theory of psychosocial phases of development, it could be suggested that Madison is in the 5th phase of development known as ; Identity and Repudiation versus Identity diffusion. This phase normally will happen between ages 12-18. Throughout adolescence kids are going more independent and developing a sense of ego. Madison could see confusion in this phase as she has spent clip in affinity and residential attention. Erikson ( 1982 ) believes with encouragement, support, and through personal geographic expedition striplings can go forth this phase with a strong individuality and way in life. If Madison fails to go through through this phase successfully she will be insecure about herself and her hereafter ( Erikson, 1982 cited in Wilson et al 2008 ) . Hamachek ( 1988 ) suggests this theory is equivocal in placing behavior of an person s psychological growing throughout different phases of development. Chris and Julie have had one kid adopted and have been unable to rear eight of their nine kids. During assessment practicians should hold an apprehension of attachment classs and associating behaviors ; it could be that some of Chris and Julies kids developed anxious-ambivalent fond regards. Role reversal may hold taken topographic point, therefore ensuing in the kids going angry about the undependability of the carer and perchance the ground for them exposing anti-social behaviors Ainsworth ( et al. , 1978 cited in Becket and Taylor, 2010 ) . Early fond regard theory was criticized for denying adult females equality in the workplace by connoting that the hazard of female parents go forthing their kids would be damaging to their kids s development ( Beckett and Taylor, 2010 ) . With respect to Julie and Chris, the local authorization could set about a pre-birth appraisal and multi-professional instance conference under ( subdivision 47 ) of the Children Act ( 1989 ) to measure parent ing capacity, household and environment, and their ability to prolong rearing to run into the kid s development and altering demands ( Department of Health 1989 ; Department of Health, 2010 ) . Specialist appraisal tools for parents with learning disablements would help the twosome in their apprehension and partnership planning ( McGaw, 2000 ; cited in Wallbridge, 2012 ) . Both Chris and Julie have completed a rearing class and this is positive as they had non done so antecedently ( Casey 2012 ) . Wallbridge ( 2012 ) claims successful support bundles offer intensive, uninterrupted preparation for parenting, for illustration group work and life accomplishments in the place, both parents experiencing valued are frequently positive accelerators of alteration. A recent authorities study ( 2012 ) nevertheless, identified the kid protection system as being reactive instead than proactive with respect to immature people accessing services. It warned that professionals gave the parents legion alterations to better their parenting accomplishments and kids were left to populate with inattentive parents ( publications.parliament.uk, 2012 ) This essay has critiqued the study Listening to Troubled Families by Louise Casey ( 2012 ) and found restrictions in the methodological analysis. It considered the demands of a household identified and critiqued the function and accomplishments of a societal worker in safeguarding. It has argued the importance of effectual multi-professional coaction, cognition of modern-day statute law, pattern and theories with respect to implementing partnership working to back up kids, households and carers. It besides identified external accounts ; poorness, isolation and late intercession can impact on these households. Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional opinions and alteration statutory counsel in order to assist safeguard kids. Bibliography Action for Advocacy ( 2012 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.actionforadvocacy.org.uk/ [ Accessed 25th October 2012 ] Anning, A. Cottrell, D. Frost, F. Green, J. Robinson, M ( 2006 ) Developing Multi-professional Teamwork for Integrated Children s Services. England. Open University Press. Bailey, N ( 2012 ) The Listening to Troubled Families study is an ethical failure. 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The Human Rights Act 1998: Agenda 1 [ online ] London: ( HMSO ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/schedule/1 [ Accessed on 25th October 2012 ] Wallbridge, S. ( 2012 ) Guide to pre-birth appraisals. Community Care Inform [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ccinform.co.uk/articles/2012/03/15/6622/guide+to+pre-birth+assessments.html [ Accessed: 9 November 2012 ] Welshman, J. ( 1999 ) The societal history of societal work: The issue of the job household 1949-70 , British Journal of Social Work, 29 ( 3 ) , pp.457-76 Welshman, J. 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The 49ers and the california ethos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The 49ers and the california ethos - Essay Example On many occasions, the gold mines and the mining camps took toll on people as it presented the issue of time and circumstances of returning to families and communities to be a different perspective away from the original quest for fortune. It brought forth a different view in terms of an individual, family and community at home as compared to the 49ers of the gold camps. To the married people, family, friends and community formed the basis that it difficult for them to go back home. To others, there were issues that included a commitment, responsibility, the chain of burdens and many other issues related to family. In the course of staying in California, some 49ers managed to keep the promise of returning after some period or sought for an extension of the original time specific. Despite these, majority of members deemed such agreements as being passed to the reality of California and the gold fields. The pleasantries of California and the hope to find something to return home on most occasions made it difficult for the 49ers to go home to their families. Many of the 49ers who thought that they would go to California and be back within a year found it had to keep that promise. This was influenced by the consideration of how one would return home. It was discouraging for 49ers to learn that they could only go back home little than they had come with or sometimes with nothing at all. The quest to find something much better to go home with made them stay even longer in California (Malcolm, 1997). With increased publications of free gold, people around the world continued flocking California, demand for almost everything kept increasing, and the prices for most commodities kept on skyrocketing. This made life more difficult rendering the 49ers with the inability to save for their return. As such it became a difficult question

Wal-Mart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Wal-Mart - Research Paper Example Sam Walton believed that impressive profits in any business do not source from charging high prices on goods and services, but from making high sales volume. Samuel Walton believed that he could only make smart profits if he did a lot of sales of his merchandise. For this reason, Samuel Walton resolved to reduce the prices of his merchandise below the market margin, which eventually played the most critical role in attracting many customers. With many customers, the rate of stock turn over in the Wal-Mart stores increased thereby resulting to high profit margins. The success of Wal-Mart stores should act as reflective mirror to any investor in the chain store industry. Wal-Mart’s success lines up with various economic and social benefits as well as negative implications in the line of economy, social and environmental arenas. Wal-Mart stores have worked towards eliminating monopolistic complacency in the American market by inducing high level of competition. Wal-Mart is known for its tendency to reduce handlers of its products to the shelves, a strategy achieved through the identification of viable vendors who inspect the stocks in the stores and in the shelves and organize for supply when necessary. The strategy has helped Wal-Mart stores in cutting costs, transferring the advantages transfers to the customers who eventually end up buying goods at low prices (Bargdahl 14). The reduction of prices charged on the final products by Wal-Mart has attracted many consumers to the Wal-Mart stores, an event that has seen decline in performance of the other competitors. Owing to the high competition from Wal-Mart, other market operators have been forced to lower their prices thus the benefit to the consumers. According to Bergdahl, Wal-Mart stores adopted advanced technology of loading and offloading, which applies the use of conveyor belts (41). Wal-Mart has therefore employed thousands of people who operate the

Compared....Locke and Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Compared.Locke and Hobbes Essay Locke and Hobbes were both social contract theorists, and both natural law theorists (Natural law in the sense of Saint Thomas Aquinas, not Natural law in the sense of Newton), but there the resemblance ends. All other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal. Hobbes assumed otherwise, thus his conclusions are strikingly different from those of other natural law theorists. In addition to his unconventional conclusions about natural law, Hobbes was fairly infamous for producing numerous similarly unconventional results in physics and mathematics. The leading English mathematician of that era, in the pages of the Proceedings of the Royal Academy, called Hobbes a lunatic for his claim to have squared the circle. The Grolier encyclopedia contrasts Locke and Hobbes as follows: Locke’s considerable importance in political thought is better known. As the first systematic theorist of the philosophy of liberalism, Locke exercised enormous influence in both England and America. In his Two Treatises of Government (1690), Locke set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right—and sometimes the duty—to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke opposed Thomas Hobbes’s view that the original state of nature was â€Å"nasty, brutish, and short,† and that individuals through a social contract surrendered—for the sake of self-preservation—their rights [ ] Locke addressed Hobbes’s claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to â€Å"some men† not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action to themselves punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature. Second treatise, Section 14 It is often asked as a mighty objection, where are, or ever were, there any men in such a state of Nature? To which it may suffice as an answer at present, that since all princes and rulers of â€Å"independent† governments all through the world are in a state of Nature, it is plain the world never was, nor never will be, without numbers of men in that state. I have named all governors of â€Å"independent† communities, whether they are, or are not, in league with others; for it is not every compact that puts an end to the state of Nature between men, but only this one of agreeing together mutually to enter into one community, and make one body politic; other promises and compacts men may make one with another, and yet still be in the state of Nature. The promises and bargains for truck, etc., between the two men in Soldania, in or between a Swiss and an Indian, in the woods of America, are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a state of Nature in reference to one another for truth, and keeping of faith belongs to men as men, and not as members of society. Second treatise, Section 17, 18, 19 And hence it is that he who attempts to get another man into his absolute power does thereby put himself into a state of war with him; it being to be understood as a declaration of a design upon his life. For I have reason to conclude that he who would get me into his power without my consent would use me as he pleased when he had got me there, and destroy me too when he had a fancy to it; for nobody can desire to have me in his absolute power unless it be to compel me by force to that which is against the right of my freedom- i. e. make me a slave. To be free from such force is the only security of my preservation, and reason bids me look on him as an enemy to my preservation who would take away that freedom which is the fence to it; so that he who makes an attempt to enslave me thereby puts himself into a state of war with me. He that in the state of Nature would take away the freedom that belongs to any one in that state must necessarily be supposed to have a design to take away everything else, that freedom being the foundation of all the rest; as he that in the state of society would take away the freedom belonging to those of that society or commonwealth must be supposed to design to take away from them everything else, and so be looked on as in a state of war. This makes it lawful for a man to kill a thief who has not in the least hurt him, nor declared any design upon his life, any farther than by the use of force, so to get him in his power as to take away his money, or what he pleases, from him; because using force, where he has no right to get me into his power, let his pretense be what it will, I have no reason to suppose that he who would take away my liberty would not, when he had me in his power, take away everything else. And, therefore, it is lawful for me to treat him as one who has put himself into a state of war with me- i. e. , kill him if I can; for to that hazard does he justly expose himself whoever introduces a state of war, and is aggressor in it. And here we have the plain difference between the state of Nature and the state of war, which however some men have confounded, are as far distant as a state of peace, goodwill, mutual assistance, and preservation; and a state of enmity, malice, violence and mutual destruction are one from another. Men living together according to reason without a common superior on earth, with authority to judge between them, is properly the state of Nature. But force, or a declared design of force upon the person of another, where there is no common superior on earth to appeal to for relief, is the state of war; and it is the want of such an appeal gives a man the right of war even against an aggressor, though he be in society and a fellow-subject. Thus, a thief whom I cannot harm, but by appeal to the law, for having stolen all that I am worth, I may kill when he sets on me to rob me but of my horse or coat, because the law, which was made for my preservation, where it cannot interpose to secure my life from present force, which if lost is capable of no reparation, permits me my own defense and the right of war, a liberty to kill the aggressor, because the aggressor allows not time to appeal to our common judge, nor the decision of the law, for remedy in a case where the mischief may be irreparable. Want of a common judge with authority puts all men in a state of Nature; force without right upon a manSRC=s person makes a state of war both where there is, and is not, a common judge. Hobbes, on the contrary, asserts that without subjection to a common power, men are necessarily at war: Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called Warre; and such a warre, as is of every man, against every man. In on this issue, and also on the meaning of civil society, Hobbes’s position is the same as the fascist position: Peace is actually war in disguise. This is why Hobbes argued that corporations should be suppressed and replaced by the direct exercise of state power. This is why Hitler thought that declaring war on America was merely a meaningless trivial symbol. It was not merely a symbol. Peace is not merely maneuvering preparatory to predatory attack. Unlike the communists and the fascists Hobbes had no specific concrete plan for suppressing competition and the pursuit of conflicting goals, and he might well have disapproved of the details of the fascists plans, but he clearly regarded their objectives as a desirable and popular part of any good state. Locke was the seventeenth century precursor of classic liberalism, and Hobbes was the seventeenth century precursor of modern totalitarianism, particularly fascism. Hobbes argued that what we today call civil society should exist only by the power of the state, and to the extent that it existed independent of the state, for example private associations, corporations, and political discussion, it should be suppressed. This measure is the distinctive characteristic of modern totalitarianism, both communist and fascist, though Hobbes’s reasoning in favor of this measure is fascist, rather than communist. Chapter 29 of Hobbes’s Leviathan: For men, as they become at last weary of irregular jostling and hewing one another, and desire with all their hearts to conform themselves into one firm and lasting edifice [ ] I observe the diseases of a Commonwealth that proceed from the poison of seditious doctrines, whereof one is that every private man is judge of good and evil actions. [ ] Another infirmity of a Commonwealth is the immoderate greatness of a town, when it is able to furnish out of its own circuit the number and expense of a great army; as also the great number of corporations, which are as it were many lesser Commonwealths in the bowels of a greater, like worms in the entrails of a natural man. To may be added, liberty of disputing against absolute power by pretenders to political prudence; which though bred for the most part in the lees of the people, yet animated by false doctrines are perpetually meddling with the fundamental laws, to the molestation of the Commonwealth, like the little worms which physicians call ascarides. Hobbes’s theory has far more in common with fascism, than it does with Locke’s theory. To say that they were both social contract theorists is like saying that Adam Smith believed in the labor theory of value and Karl Marx believed in the labor theory of value, therefor Smith was a Marxist or Marx was a Smithian. Locke’s social contract had as much in common with Hobbes’s social contract as Ricardo’s labor theory of value had with Marx’s labor theory of value. Fascism is largely corporatism, indeed many fascists argued that fascism simply was corporatism, that race theory was irrelevant. Certainly Mussolini and Franco held this view. Corporatism derives from â€Å"one body† (corpora=body), not from corporation. Same metaphor as Hobbes’s Leviathan, and the cover of Hobbes’s book, and, in the case of fascism, the same rationale. The race, the nation, the folk, or whatever, are to be welded into a single entity, by the application of whatever force necessary Hobbes favored unlimited power for the state, and he favored it for the purpose of ending all conflict and contention. He saw all non-state society as simply bad happenings that should be suppressed. If people go about their material lives freely they will come in conflict, and Hobbes regards it as the duty of the state to prevent such conflict. Locke argues that government is legitimate, but only legitimate in so far as it acts within the limits of this implied contract. Like any unwritten contract, it is not at all clear just what precisely the limits of Locke’s contract are, and Locke clearly considered that his contract could stretch a long way, but is equally clear that modern twentieth century governments are substantially breaking it, for the majority of disputes that an ordinary citizen finds himself involved in are disputes with the state, and in these disputes, for example with the IRS, the state acts as judge in its own cause, a clear violation of the Lockean contract. A state cannot be as large and intrusive as modern states are without finding it necessary to substantially violate Locke’s implied contract in many ways. Locke’s contract was for a judge. Hobbes’s contract was for a master. While in some situations the distinction between these two roles may be fuzzy, it is clear that vast majority of people today encounter the state in the role of master, rather than judge, thus the modern state is far more Hobbesian than Lockean, though it is still very far from the absolutist government that Hobbes commended. .

The Bull Market of Television and Bear Market Of Responsibility Essay

The Bull Market of Television and Bear Market Of Responsibility The inanimate, lifeless object consists of 10 feet of copper wiring, a hardwired main board, thousands of electrical switches and receivers, all compactly encased in 25 pounds of hardened plastic. This plastic box occupies minimal space, requires electrical energy just greater than a toaster, and can be purchased anywhere in America for under $100. It is more accessible, prevalent, and influential than any other person, place, event, or thing this world has every seen; and to many it acts as the present day Hitler carrying out genocide on America’s value system, societal fabric, and treasured democracy. Parent groups, conservative parties, and Christian coalitions decry its ubiquitous influence and demand reform from the syndicates. All about this box of wires camps crowds rise up to cast the first stones in the name of America, ignorant that the blood they spill is the very life of the capitalistic process that has come to epitomize the United States of America. Televis ion should not and does not have the responsibility of being the projector and champion of society’s ideal and sought after utopia. Like every other product or business that has come from the grove of America, it is a fruit of capitalism and exists solely and absolutely for revenue. To say this product is the arena for social reform and advancement corrodes the very ideal of free enterprise and this persecution is in itself an end to social reform and advancement. The deification of television places society’s failures and faults as television’s failures and faults. Critics condemn television for its violent tone, lack of equal ethnic representation, low moral values, manipulative ta... ...ssesses the nutritional substance of bubblegum. American’s have developed an insatiable appetite not for culture and fine art but for violent, sexual, graphic entertainment consumed like food, forgotten and replaced by a new dish on the menu of TV Guide. In American capitalistic society, television syndicates fall over themselves to supply America’s growing addiction. America exists diseased and television functions as the â€Å"Typhoid Mary† that spreads this disease. Americans outraged with the condition of the United States seek to heal America by healing television. Television acts not as the cause of the disorder but as a symptom and a vice of the infection. Until society faces the true culprit in the mirror and own to their part in the decline of a once proud nation, iniquitous debauchery will remain as an untreated, unseen cancer slowly killing America.

George Reid Andrews Afro Latin America

GEORGE REID ANDREWS: AFRO-LATIN AMERICA In this paper, I would arguer that the history of USA is intertwined with the issue of Blacks – their enslavement and freedom but it has not as yet been focused that this subject has far greater impact in Central and Latin America, thus the greater impact of blacks in Central and Latin America would be the main theme or argument of this paper. This book, Afro-Latin America by George Reid, is the first attempt to focus on this side of the African Diaspora. With remarkable skill George Reid Andrews has woven the history of people who came from Africa to South America – broadly speaking. He traces their path from slavery to freedom and how this in turn left its stamp on the politics, economics and culture of this region. As individuals and as groups they pursued the path towards freedom, equality and acquirement of citizenship by being part of the military, political movements, civic bodies, unions, religious activities and in various cultural streams. The book travels through two centuries and should be of interest in all interested in the past, present and future of Latin America. It is one of the best anthropological accounts of this region. The style is gripping with detailed statement of experiences, of the people of African origin in the former colonies of Spain and Portugal and the stamp of their influence on these parts on all walks of life – society, economics and culture. While the history of the Blacks is well researched and ably presented in USA, it is not so with Latin America where there is still an air of mystery and vacuum. It is ironical that it should be so considering the fact that it has the highest number of Africans residing here outside the African continent (Fagundes 68-78). The book starts with the stunning statement – â€Å"New Census Shows Hispanics now Even with Blacks, the headline proclaimed. Documenting a profound shift in the racial and ethnic composition of American Society, the 2000 census of the United States showed that, as a result of the continuing immigration from Latin America during the 1990s the national Hispanic population had grown by more than 60%. For the first time ever the country’s 35. 3 million Hispanic residents slightly exceeded the black population of 34. million† (Andrews 3). The Blacks and Hispanics are not always distinct groups as is generally thought of. In Latin America blacks comprise a quarter of the population. The â€Å"heart of the New World African Diaspora† (Andrews 3) lies not in the north of the border in USA but in South America. During the slave period ten times more Africans came to Spanish and Portuguese America than to USA. By the close of 1900 the former outnumbered the latter by 3:1 – 22% of the population in Latin America while it was 12% in USA. With immigration, commerce and tourism ties are getting stronger and hence it is necessary to sketch a history of the Latin American African Diaspora as distinct from USA African Diaspora. In this book such an attempt has been made. The term Afro-Latin-American made its debut sometime during the 70s. Hitherto it was Afro-Venezuelans, Afro-Cubans etc. Latin America is the cluster of American countries under the rule of Spain or Portugal from 1500 to 1800 (Madrigal 99-108). There are many other people living in this region – not only those who have come from Africa; there are Indians, Whites, Asians etc. But whether as a minority or majority the Black presence is strong in the field of agriculture and slavery. Blackness has become synonymous with a lower social status leading to a popular mass culture. The proportion of Blacks fell because of neglect disease and death. Also there was more mobility and mixing in the south unlike the rigidity of the north. Black tended to become whiter with material success; the Black became the Pardo or Mulatto. The idea was to bar them from European ancestry privileges (Aguiar 299-308). The book is not about the race as defined scientifically but as used socially. It looks at the issue from two angles – it delves on the multi racial society of Afro-Latin-America and also as the single largest group of Africans who had been uprooted from their original homeland. Whatever the shade of black the author uses the term to refer to that group whose African ancestry is known and recognized. The previous plantation regions of Latin America were shaped irrevocably â€Å"by the presence of Africans and their descendants† (Andrews 284). Hence to understand what it is like today one has to know about the people who carved it to be what it is now. In reacting to the constraints of slavery on the one hand there were the obvious violent actions like running away, revolt, theft and attack while on the other there was a slower but more lasting response like negotiating with the masters, taking into hand speed of work, appealing to courts, forming families and keeping alive African practices (Aguiar 299). Runaway slaves formed communities, black militias and mutual aid societies were formed and the people expressed their feeling through formation of athletic, social and cultural clubs. Soon civic organizations, political parties and newspapers made their debut. It all rolled into the formation of civil rights movement. By the end of 1800 slavery had been abolished in Latin America (Halperin 489-495). Chapter one covers the first years of slavery while in chapters four and five the author tries to explain how the colored communities tried to whiten and blacken themselves in trying to find their identity that would be acceptable to their own community as well as to the Whites against the background of a growing mixed population. Here, there arose a problem. In USA there was a clear cut line dividing the Blacks and Whites. But in Latin America the Afro-Latin people penetrated different layers of society and economy with politics having an influence. Many of the Blacks were free and could not be bracketed with the salves. Europeans, Native Americans and people from the Asia added to the cocktail to make a mixing of blood rarely seen elsewhere. Thus the concept of race no longer remained a scientific issue but related to socio-economic factors (Bizumic 871-899). The biggest influence was felt in the sphere of culture – in dancing, music and religion. Andrew goes into detail saying how initially they were termed as barbaric by the Europeans and then in the 20th century there began a change of attitude when the idea of nationhood took roots. Capoeira, Cndomble and Carnaval are three of the significant cultural expressions that have their roots in the tradition of Africa. There is an underlying belief that Africa is very much throbbing and alive in these modern cultural renditions. Ironically the Europeans have also taken these on and absorbed them in their psyche. The book focuses on these aspects and at the end the reader is left with a feeling that more could have been said. Instead of devoting separate chapters on these themes he has scattered these all through the book. He has focused more on economics and politics. After reading the book there is the feeling that the problems of race are going to be more complex in Latin America than what is going on in USA (Shrestha 113-139). In this sense this book is a good introduction to understand the present to gauge the future. The book however would be rather heavy for the casual reader but it is great for serious thinkers and scholars. The author details the relationship and effect of the coming of the people of Africa to Latin America. There are detailed notes and bibliography to guide the students. It is ideal for all interested in the race factor and the trans-Atlantic slave trade that happened in this part of the world as distinct from USA. Slavery is stressed in USA but the fact is that it existed much earlier in places like Brazil. The book reveals new facts that have so far remained unknown. It will enlighten the reader about the birth of the countries of the western world and the large part the people of African descent had played for it to become what we see today. This book introduces the reader to the history of the Blacks connected with Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Venezuela, Puerto Rica etc. and supports the thesis that the influence of blacks in the South America is far more greater than that of mainland United States. Works cited Aguiar, Gilberto. Effects of demographic and ethnohistorical factors on average heterozygosities of South Amerindians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 88. 3, (2000): 299-308. Andrews, George Reid. Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000. NY: Oxford University PressUS, 2004. Bizumic, Boris. A cross-cultural investigation into a reconceptualization of ethnocentrism. European Journal of Social Psychology 39. 6, (2009): 871-899. Fagundes, Nelson. Genetic, geographic, and linguistic variation among South American Indians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117. 1, (2002): 68-78. Halperin, Edward. The poor, the Black, and the marginalized as the source of cadavers. Clinical Anatomy, 20. 5, (2007): 489-495. Madrigal, Leo. Ethnicity, gene flow, and population subdivision in Limon, Costa Rica. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114. 2, (2001): 99-108. Shrestha, Nanda. Black migration at the margin of freedom. International Journal of Population Geography, 9. 2, (2003): 113-139.

Defects Of Human Nature In William Goldings Lord Of The...

An individual’s behaviour can have a substantial impact on a societys outcome. There is a common notion that humans are nurtured to be peaceful and civil. However, this belief is contradicted by the action of the boys, in William Golding’s, â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. A group of schoolboys are abruptly thrown out of their controlled and civil circumstances into an inhabited tropical island in the middle of the Pacific. The novel is Golding’s attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature, by using symbolism to delineate this theme. Golding’s extensive use of symbolism, such as the conch, the signal fire and the painted faces helps demonstrate the defects of society. These symbols are used by Golding to illuminate the†¦show more content†¦Jack stresses that the role of the conch is extraneous. When Jack talks, even though he is not holding the conch, the boys in his tribe still listen. Eventually, most of the boys join Jack’s hunting tribe. In the end, Roger pushed on a lever thatand madelet a huge boulder fall onto Piggy and the conch got destroyed, â€Å"The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist.† (Golding, 181). As the substantial power and order of the conch is diminishing, which is indicatinges the breach within the boys has drifted away from their civilized senses and their chance of survival starts to erodinge. As the novel progresses, the power of the conch shell starts to decay, demonstrating the boys movement away from civilization and toward savagery. The longer they were isolated away from society, the less significant the conch becomes, where ultimately the conch was destroyed, taking with it all sense of order from the boys. In addition, the signal fire is a persuasive symbol, establishing the boys connection with the outside world. At the start of the boys’ life on the island, they were all eager to create a signal fire which would represent survival, making it one of their biggest priorities. During their second meeting, Ralph states that they needed to make a signal fire to emit smoke, which will notify possible incoming ships and planes that theyShow MoreRelatedLord of the Flies: World War IIs Impact Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies: World War II’s Impact Lord of the Flies by William Golding was influenced strongly by his experiences as a naval officer during World War II. Golding’s wartime service gave him a darker and more realistic look on life, and contributed to the novel’s imagery. As Golding described, World War II woke him up from his falsified beliefs about human nature by showing him the true human condition (â€Å"Lord of the Flies,† Novels 175). 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